CBSE NOTES CLASS 10 POLITICAL SCIENCE (CIVICS) POWER SHARING (CHAPTER 1) NCERT(BOARD EXAMS)

Meaning of power sharing

Sharing of power among different people, parties, social,

religious and linguistic groups that usually happens in

democracy

Ethnic composition in Belgium

In the country

1.  59% Dutch speaking
2.  40% French speaking
3. 1% German speaking

In BRUSSELS

1.  80% speak French
2.  20% speak Dutch

Linguistic compositions in Sri Lanka

• 74% Sinhala speaking(mostly Buddhists)
• 18% Tamil speaking( Hindus or Muslims)
• 
  
• Sri Lankan Tamils (13%) Indian Tamils(5%)
• 7% are Christians (both Tamils and Sinhalas)

So, Sinhala speaking people are the Linguistic as

well as the religious majority in Sri Lanka, Which

practice Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka

Meaning of Majoritarianism

A belief that majority community should rule a

country which ever way they want disregarding

the needs and aspirations of the minority

communities

For example; The majority Sinhala community

impose their rule on minority Tamils in Sri Lanka

without respecting their needs and aspirations

Majoritarian policy of Sri Lankan govt...

1. In 1956 an Act was passed that recognized

Sinhala as the official language

2.Govt. follows a preferential policy to favor

Sinhalas in university positions and govt.

jobs

3. Anew constitution declares Buddhism as

state religion

Consequences on Tamils

1. Feeling of alienation increased among the Sri
2. Lankan Tamils
3. They feel Sinhala leaders not sensitive towards
4. their language and culture
5. Constitution and govt. policies deny them equal
6. rights and opportunities to them
7. They are discriminated against by Sinhala's
8. Hence, the relation between Sinhalas and the
9. Tamils strained

What did Sri Lankan Tamils do?

• They organized parties and struggld for
• recognition of Tamil as an official language
• Demand for regional autonomy to provinces
• populated by Tamils
• Demanded equality of opportunity in education
• and jobs
• By 1980s they started demanding an
• independent Tamil Elam (state, in N&E part of Sri
• lanka)

Civil war

• The increasing distrust between the two
• communities led into a civil war
• Thousands of people were killed
• Many Tamils were forced to leave the country
• as refugees
• Socio-economic and cultural life of the country
• was terribly disturbed

Accommodation in Belgium

1.  Situations, and arrangement made in Belgium are different from that of Sri Lanka
2. Belgian leaders recognized the differences and diversities in the country
3. Between 1970 and 1993 constitution was amended four times to accommodate everyone live together

Constitutional changes b/w 1970 &1993

Constitution prescribes that:

1. Number of Dutch and French speaking ministers in the central govt. will be equal
2. Some special laws requires the support of both communities
3. No decision can be taken by any community unilaterally
4. Many powers of the central govt. were given to the state governments

Now, state governments not subordinate to the central government
representation from both communities

 Brussels has a separate govt. with equal

Why power sharing is desirable ?

There are two set of reasons:

1. Firstly. it reduces the possibility of conflicts

between social groups leading to violence and

political instability. Leads to disunity of the country.

This is called prudential* reason

2. Secondly. because it is the very spirit of

democracy

3.In democracy powers can’t vest in one hand, it is

exercised by people. A legitimate government is one

which consults people in the decision making,

people participate and have a stake in the

government. This one is called Moral reasons

Forms of Power Sharing

Power sharing takes different form in democracy

1.  HORIZONTAL POWER SHARING: Sharing of power among different organs of government that is executive, legislature and judiciary. This is called separation of power which results in balance of power so that no single organ can enjoy unlimited power. Here, executive exercises power but remains responsible to legislature.
2. Judges are appointed by executive but they (
3. judges) can check the laws passed by legislatur
4. 
   

2. VERTICAL POWER SHARING:

sharing of power among different levels of

government i.e central government, state

government and Local government. This is called

division of power . This kind of arrangements are

found in a federal state.

3. POWER SHARING AMONG DIFFERENT SOCIAL
GROUPS:

Such as the linguistic and religious groups for example

the community government in Belgium,

and such arrangement is also done in India through

reserved constituencies for diff. social groups

4. POWER SHARING AMONG POLITICAL
PARTIES PRESSURE GROUPS AND
MOVEMENTS:

In democracy various political parties contest

election some have stakes in government as a

ruling party or parties as in case of a coalition

government, others as opposition parties

Many such groups as pressure groups and interest

groups of traders, businessmen, employees, etc

claim stakes in the government (by indirectly

participating or pressurizing the governmenT

NOW ANSWER SOME QUESTION

1. Which all countries share its boundaries with Belgium?
2. In Belgium, What % of French community live?
3. Which language is dominantly spoken in Belgium?
4. Power struggle demanding separate Eelam was launched by which ethnic group in Sri Lanka?
5. What is the capital of Belgium?
6. Power shared among governments at different levels is also called
7. A war-like conflict between two opposite groups in a country is called
8. Belgium has worked on the principles of —__
9. Sri Lanka is an island nation, just a few kilometers from the Southern coast of
10. Both and share power on an equal basis at___ in Belgium.

Read each of the following statements and write if it is true or false. If it is false correct the
statement.

1.  Power sharing increases the possibility of conflict between social groups.
2. Sri Lankans is facing the problems because of supporting the Tamilians in the state.
3. Belgium has French people in majority whereas the others struggle for their rights.
4. Power sharing is desirable and reduces possibilities of conflict within the country.
5. Belgium and Sri Lanka are the two similar causes in the struggle of people.
6. The feeling of accommodation has led to the problem in Sri Lanka.

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